18. INCOME TAXES

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We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial and tax reporting purposes. We evaluate deferred tax assets to determine whether it is more likely than not that they will be realized. Valuation allowances are reviewed on an individual tax jurisdiction basis to analyze whether there is sufficient positive or negative evidence to support a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax assets. These conclusions require significant judgment. In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, we consider the cyclicality of our businesses and cumulative income or losses during the applicable period. Cumulative losses incurred over the applicable period limits our ability to consider other subjective evidence such as our projections for the future. Changes in expected future income in applicable jurisdictions could affect the realization of deferred tax assets in those jurisdictions.

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Effective January 1, 2019, Switzerland reduced certain cantonal income tax rates resulting in a decrease in our net deferred tax assets and a corresponding noncash income tax expense of $32 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized a discrete tax benefit of $4 million related to excess tax benefits from share-based compensation.

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The $90 million of losses on fair value adjustments to our Venator investment, recorded as part of non-operating income from continuing operations, is not subject to tax under The Netherlands’ statutory participation exemption. As a significant, unusual, non-operating item, it was treated discretely and excluded from the annual effective tax rate calculation for interim reporting.

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Huntsman Corporation

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We recorded income tax expense from continuing operations of $113 million and $41 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our tax expense is significantly affected by the mix of income and losses in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate, as impacted by the presence of valuation allowances in certain tax jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate was 41% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The non-cash tax expense related to the change in tax rate in Switzerland and the non-tax benefitted loss from fair value adjustments to our Venator investment resulted in a higher effective tax rate through the first nine months of 2019.

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Huntsman International

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Huntsman International recorded income tax expense from continuing operations of $110 million and $38 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our tax expense is significantly affected by the mix of income and losses in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate, as impacted by the presence of valuation allowances in certain tax jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate was 42% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The non-cash tax expense related to the change in tax rate in Switzerland and the non-tax benefitted loss from fair value adjustments to our Venator investment resulted in a higher effective tax rate through the first nine months of 2019.

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